{
  "$schema": "https://schema.roastbook.coffee/brew-methods/brew-methods.schema.v0.1.0.json",
  "meta": {
    "version": "2026.11.05.1",
    "generated_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
    "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
    "attribution": "Roastbook Open Coffee"
  },
  "brew_methods": [
    {
      "id": "espresso",
      "name": "Espresso",
      "aliases": [
        "Espresso",
        "Caffè espresso"
      ],
      "category": "espresso",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Finely ground coffee in a portafilter basket brewed with hot water at about 9 bar, giving a small, concentrated drink with crema.",
      "introduced_year": 1884,
      "origin_country_code": "IT",
      "equipment_types": [
        "espresso_machine",
        "grinder",
        "tamper",
        "basket"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "dose_g": {
          "min": 7,
          "max": 22,
          "typical": 18
        },
        "ratio": {
          "min": 1.5,
          "max": 3,
          "typical": 2
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 20,
          "max": 35,
          "typical": 28
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 88,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "brew_pressure_bar": {
          "min": 6,
          "max": 10,
          "typical": 9
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "yield_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "preinfusion_time_seconds",
        "preinfusion_pressure_bar",
        "brew_pressure_bar",
        "flow_rate_ml_per_second",
        "tamp_force_kg",
        "paper_filter_position",
        "distribution_method"
      ],
      "typical_drinks": [
        "espresso",
        "doppio",
        "ristretto",
        "lungo",
        "americano",
        "cappuccino",
        "latte",
        "flat white",
        "cortado",
        "macchiato"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q180289",
        "beanconqueror": "PORTAFILTER"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
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          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
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        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
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          ]
        },
        "introduced_year": {
          "method": "import",
          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180289",
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            }
          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "import",
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            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180289",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ristretto",
      "name": "Ristretto",
      "parent": "espresso",
      "category": "espresso",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "A shorter espresso pulled with the same dose but less water, giving a more concentrated, less bitter shot.",
      "origin_country_code": "IT",
      "equipment_types": [
        "espresso_machine",
        "grinder",
        "tamper",
        "basket"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 1,
          "max": 1.5,
          "typical": 1.25
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 25
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "yield_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "preinfusion_time_seconds",
        "preinfusion_pressure_bar",
        "brew_pressure_bar",
        "flow_rate_ml_per_second",
        "tamp_force_kg",
        "paper_filter_position",
        "distribution_method"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q59047"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
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          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
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          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59047",
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        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
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            {
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          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
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          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59047",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lungo",
      "name": "Lungo",
      "parent": "espresso",
      "category": "espresso",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "A longer espresso pulled with more water through the same puck, giving a larger, more diluted and often more bitter cup.",
      "origin_country_code": "IT",
      "equipment_types": [
        "espresso_machine",
        "grinder",
        "tamper",
        "basket"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 2.5,
          "max": 4,
          "typical": 3
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 30,
          "max": 45
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "yield_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "preinfusion_time_seconds",
        "preinfusion_pressure_bar",
        "brew_pressure_bar",
        "flow_rate_ml_per_second",
        "tamp_force_kg",
        "paper_filter_position",
        "distribution_method"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pour-over",
      "name": "Pour-over",
      "aliases": [
        "Hand brew",
        "Handfilter",
        "Filterkaffee",
        "Drip coffee"
      ],
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Hot water poured by hand over ground coffee in a filter cone or basket, so it drains through the coffee bed into a cup or carafe.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "dose_g": {
          "min": 12,
          "max": 30,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "ratio": {
          "min": 14,
          "max": 18,
          "typical": 16
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 120,
          "max": 240,
          "typical": 180
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine",
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "typical_drinks": [
        "filter coffee",
        "iced pour-over"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q1155703",
        "beanconqueror": "DRIPPER"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155703",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
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              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "v60",
      "name": "V60",
      "aliases": [
        "Hario V60"
      ],
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Pour-over in a 60-degree cone with a single large hole and spiral ribs, made by Hario; flow rate depends mostly on grind and pouring.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "introduced_year": 2004,
      "origin_country_code": "JP",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "dose_g": {
          "min": 12,
          "max": 30,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "ratio": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 16.7
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 150,
          "max": 210
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
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          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "xref": {
        "beanconqueror": "V60"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "kalita-wave",
      "name": "Kalita Wave",
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Pour-over in a flat-bottomed dripper with three small holes and fluted wave filters, made by Kalita; the flat bed favours even extraction.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "origin_country_code": "JP",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "dose_g": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 30,
          "typical": 20
        },
        "ratio": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 16
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 180,
          "max": 240
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine",
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "xref": {
        "beanconqueror": "KALITA_WAVE"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "chemex",
      "name": "Chemex",
      "aliases": [
        "Chemex Coffeemaker"
      ],
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Pour-over in an hourglass-shaped glass brewer with thick bonded paper filters that hold back more oils, giving a very clean cup.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "introduced_year": 1941,
      "origin_country_code": "US",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "dose_g": {
          "min": 20,
          "max": 50,
          "typical": 30
        },
        "ratio": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 16
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 210,
          "max": 300
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium",
          "medium_coarse"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q5090371",
        "beanconqueror": "CHEMEX"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090371",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
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              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
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        },
        "introduced_year": {
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          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
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          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "import",
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          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090371",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "melitta",
      "name": "Melitta filter",
      "aliases": [
        "Melitta",
        "Filtertüte"
      ],
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Pour-over in a wedge-shaped dripper with one or few small holes and folded paper filters; the classic household filter method.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "introduced_year": 1908,
      "origin_country_code": "DE",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 18,
          "typical": 16
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "origami",
      "name": "Origami dripper",
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Pour-over in a ceramic dripper with deep folds that accepts both cone and flat-bottom filters.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "origin_country_code": "JP",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 16
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
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          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      },
      "xref": {
        "beanconqueror": "ORIGAMI"
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "clever-dripper",
      "name": "Clever dripper",
      "aliases": [
        "Clever Coffee Dripper"
      ],
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "immersion",
      "extraction": "hybrid",
      "description": "A cone dripper with a valve: the coffee steeps first, then drains through a paper filter when placed on a cup, combining immersion and filtration.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 14,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 150,
          "max": 240
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "steep_time_seconds",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
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          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
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          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "batch-brew",
      "name": "Batch brew",
      "aliases": [
        "Filter machine",
        "Filterkaffeemaschine"
      ],
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Filter coffee made by an electric brewer that heats water and spreads it over a bed of coffee; common in cafés for larger volumes.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 15,
          "max": 18,
          "typical": 16.5
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 240,
          "max": 360
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "french-press",
      "name": "French press",
      "aliases": [
        "Cafetière",
        "Press pot",
        "Stempelkanne"
      ],
      "category": "immersion",
      "extraction": "immersion",
      "description": "Coarse coffee steeped in hot water in a jug, then separated by pressing a metal mesh plunger down; full-bodied with some sediment.",
      "filter_types": [
        "metal"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 12,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 240,
          "max": 600,
          "typical": 240
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "coarse",
          "medium_coarse"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "steep_time_seconds",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q1147545",
        "beanconqueror": "FRENCH_PRESS"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147545",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "aeropress",
      "name": "AeroPress",
      "category": "pressure",
      "extraction": "hybrid",
      "description": "Coffee steeped in a plastic cylinder, then pushed through a small paper or metal filter with a plunger; quick, forgiving and portable.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper",
        "metal"
      ],
      "introduced_year": 2005,
      "origin_country_code": "US",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "dose_g": {
          "min": 11,
          "max": 20,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "ratio": {
          "min": 6,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 14
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 60,
          "max": 180,
          "typical": 120
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 80,
          "max": 96
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "fine",
          "medium_fine",
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "steep_time_seconds",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g",
        "paper_filter_position"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q381188",
        "beanconqueror": "AEROPRESS"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381188",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "introduced_year": {
          "method": "import",
          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381188",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "import",
          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381188",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "moka-pot",
      "name": "Moka pot",
      "aliases": [
        "Bialetti",
        "Caffettiera",
        "Espressokocher"
      ],
      "category": "pressure",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Stovetop brewer in which steam pressure in the lower chamber pushes hot water up through a bed of coffee into the top chamber; strong and intense.",
      "filter_types": [
        "metal"
      ],
      "introduced_year": 1933,
      "origin_country_code": "IT",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 7,
          "max": 10,
          "typical": 8
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 180,
          "max": 300
        },
        "brew_pressure_bar": {
          "min": 1,
          "max": 2
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine",
          "fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q1054566",
        "beanconqueror": "BIALETTI"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054566",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "introduced_year": {
          "method": "import",
          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054566",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.85,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "neapolitan-flip",
      "name": "Neapolitan flip pot",
      "aliases": [
        "Cuccumella",
        "Napoletana"
      ],
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "A two-chamber pot heated on the stove and then flipped so the hot water drips through the coffee by gravity.",
      "filter_types": [
        "metal"
      ],
      "introduced_year": 1819,
      "origin_country_code": "FR",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "grind_size": [
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q2541439"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2541439",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "introduced_year": {
          "method": "import",
          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2541439",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.85,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "siphon",
      "name": "Siphon",
      "aliases": [
        "Vacuum pot",
        "Syphon"
      ],
      "category": "vacuum",
      "extraction": "hybrid",
      "description": "Vapour pressure pushes water into an upper chamber where it steeps the coffee; when the heat is removed, the cooling vacuum pulls the brew back down through a filter.",
      "filter_types": [
        "cloth",
        "paper",
        "metal"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 13,
          "max": 16,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 60,
          "max": 120
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 88,
          "max": 96
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium",
          "medium_fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "steep_time_seconds",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q1704731",
        "beanconqueror": "SIPHON"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1704731",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "percolator",
      "name": "Percolator",
      "category": "boiling",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Boiling water is driven repeatedly up a tube and over the coffee bed, recirculating the brew; tends to over-extract.",
      "filter_types": [
        "metal"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "grind_size": [
          "coarse"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q2342885"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2342885",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cezve",
      "name": "Cezve",
      "aliases": [
        "Ibrik",
        "Turkish coffee",
        "Türk kahvesi",
        "Džezva"
      ],
      "category": "boiling",
      "extraction": "immersion",
      "description": "Extra-fine coffee, water and optionally sugar heated together in a small long-handled pot until it foams, then served unfiltered.",
      "filter_types": [
        "none"
      ],
      "origin_country_code": "TR",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 8,
          "max": 12,
          "typical": 10
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "extra_fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds"
      ],
      "typical_drinks": [
        "Turkish coffee"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q43022",
        "beanconqueror": "TURKISH"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43022",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "import",
          "confidence": 0.95,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "wikidata",
              "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43022",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "phin",
      "name": "Phin",
      "aliases": [
        "Vietnamese phin",
        "Cà phê phin"
      ],
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "A small Vietnamese metal filter that sits on the cup; water drips slowly through a pressed bed of coffee, often over condensed milk.",
      "filter_types": [
        "metal"
      ],
      "origin_country_code": "VN",
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "kettle",
        "grinder"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 5,
          "max": 10,
          "typical": 8
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 240,
          "max": 360
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine",
          "medium"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "typical_drinks": [
        "cà phê sữa đá",
        "cà phê đen"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        },
        "origin_country_code": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.85,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cold-brew",
      "name": "Cold brew",
      "aliases": [
        "Cold Brew"
      ],
      "category": "cold",
      "extraction": "immersion",
      "description": "Coarse coffee steeped in cold or room-temperature water for many hours, then filtered; smooth, low in acidity, often diluted before serving.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper",
        "cloth",
        "metal"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 4,
          "max": 12,
          "typical": 8
        },
        "brew_time_seconds": {
          "min": 43200,
          "max": 86400,
          "typical": 57600
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 4,
          "max": 22
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "coarse",
          "extra_coarse"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "steep_time_seconds",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "typical_drinks": [
        "cold brew",
        "cold brew concentrate"
      ],
      "xref": {
        "wikidata": "Q5142444",
        "beanconqueror": "COLD_BREW"
      },
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        },
        {
          "source_id": "wikidata",
          "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142444",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "japanese-iced",
      "name": "Japanese iced coffee",
      "aliases": [
        "Flash brew",
        "Iced pour-over"
      ],
      "parent": "pour-over",
      "category": "filter",
      "extraction": "percolation",
      "description": "Pour-over brewed hot directly onto ice, with part of the water replaced by ice, so it chills instantly and keeps aromatics.",
      "filter_types": [
        "paper"
      ],
      "equipment_types": [
        "brewer",
        "filter",
        "kettle",
        "grinder",
        "scale"
      ],
      "typical_parameters": {
        "ratio": {
          "min": 14,
          "max": 17,
          "typical": 15
        },
        "water_temperature_celsius": {
          "min": 90,
          "max": 96,
          "typical": 93
        },
        "grind_size": [
          "medium_fine"
        ]
      },
      "recorded_parameters": [
        "dose_g",
        "brew_water_g",
        "ratio",
        "grind_setting",
        "brew_time_seconds",
        "target_time_seconds",
        "water_temperature_celsius",
        "bloom_time_seconds",
        "bloom_water_g",
        "pour_count",
        "yield_g"
      ],
      "method": "manual",
      "confidence": 0.9,
      "sources": [
        {
          "source_id": "manual-review",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
        }
      ],
      "checked_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z",
      "field_provenance": {
        "typical_parameters": {
          "method": "manual",
          "confidence": 0.8,
          "sources": [
            {
              "source_id": "manual-review",
              "retrieved_at": "2026-11-05T18:00:00Z"
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}